re: English words ultimately derived from other indo-european languages by way of languages of other families, a partial list
admittedly anime is the only case i know of in which English directly borrowed a word with Indo-European origins from a non-Indo-European language. (FR → JA → EN). the others i listed are either persian or greek in origin by way of arabic, but mostly passed through medieval latin or non-english european languages.
i expect there are others tho and would be curious to hear any similarly direct examples